They might help, but not as much as you think. Brain training games can improve specific skills, like memory or reaction time, but research shows these gains often don't carry over to everyday life. Here's what you need to know:
- Limited Benefits: Improvements are usually task-specific and temporary.
- Real-Life Impact?: Evidence for meaningful, day-to-day benefits is weak.
- Better Alternatives: Physical exercise, social interaction, and a healthy diet offer stronger, proven benefits for brain health.
- Industry Issues: Some companies have faced fines for exaggerated claims.
If you enjoy brain games, treat them as fun hobbies - not as essential tools for brain health. For long-term cognitive fitness, focus on aerobic exercise, staying socially active, and challenging your brain with varied activities.
The dubious claims of brain training (and what actually works)
The Science Behind Brain Training: Research and Results
Research into brain training games paints a mixed picture. While some clinical trials highlight measurable cognitive gains, these improvements often come with limitations in scope and duration. This raises an important question: do these benefits extend beyond the lab into everyday life?
What Studies Say About Cognitive Improvements
One of the most extensive studies in this field, the ACTIVE study, tracked older adults for over a decade. Participants were assigned to training in memory, reasoning, or processing speed. Results showed that while all training types improved specific cognitive skills, memory gains were modest. On the other hand, reasoning and speed training had a notable impact, including a 50% reduction in at-fault car accidents over time.
The IMPACT study offered another perspective. Adults over 65 who completed computerized training exhibited significantly better performance on general memory and attention tests compared to control groups. However, these gains faded within three months after training ended.
A broader meta-analysis confirmed improvements in areas like processing speed, selective attention, and short-term memory capacity. Interestingly, memory-focused interventions were less effective than those targeting other cognitive skills. By the 10-year mark in the ACTIVE study, memory-related benefits had completely disappeared.
In younger populations, research found that children who played video games for over three hours daily outperformed non-gamers in tests measuring impulse control and working memory. Similarly, a 2016 study revealed comparable cognitive gains among Lumosity users, regular gamers, and non-gamers, suggesting that factors beyond specific brain training games might contribute to these benefits.
Do Brain Training Gains Translate to Daily Life?
The critical question is whether these cognitive improvements hold any practical value in day-to-day activities. Can brain training deliver real-world benefits? Researchers often differentiate between near transfer (improvements in tasks similar to training) and far transfer (benefits in unrelated, real-world tasks). Evidence for far transfer remains limited.
A meta-analysis of 87 publications involving 145 experiments found no evidence that working memory training improved other real-world skills, challenging claims that brain training significantly enhances overall cognitive function. However, some specific areas show promise. For instance, reasoning exercises and computerized speed-of-processing training have been linked to better driving performance in older adults and reduced accident rates.
The relationship between near and far transfer is complex. Achieving near transfer may increase the likelihood of far transfer, but this doesn't happen for everyone. As Aaron Seitz, a psychology professor at UCR, explains:
"If you get near transfer, it is very likely that you also get far transfer. But not everybody gets near transfer for a variety of reasons... These people appear not to get far transfer", explains Aaron Seitz, Professor of Psychology at UCR.
Some video games developed in collaboration with scientists have shown encouraging results. For example, the game "Decoder" improved attention and focus-shifting abilities. In one study, seniors who trained with this game nearly doubled their ability to switch attention between tasks.
The ACTIVE study also provided compelling evidence for real-world benefits. After 10 years, participants who underwent speed-of-processing training had a 29% lower risk of developing dementia compared to those in the control group.
Despite these findings, many researchers remain cautious about broader claims. Cognitive training tends to be most effective for tasks closely related to the training itself, which limits its practical value in broader, everyday cognitive challenges. The debate continues as scientists work to determine whether these modest lab-based improvements can translate into meaningful real-world benefits.
This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional before starting any new fitness or wellness routine.
How Brain Training Games Affect the Brain
Earlier, we explored the measurable gains seen in controlled settings. Now, let’s dive into the science behind how brain training games influence the brain and the boundaries of their effectiveness. These games are designed to challenge cognitive processes, reshaping neural pathways. However, the depth and practical impact of these changes remain topics of ongoing research.
Neuroplasticity and Cognitive Engagement
When you play brain training games, you’re tapping into neuroplasticity - the brain’s ability to reorganize itself and form new connections throughout life. Activities like memory exercises, attention tasks, and problem-solving puzzles stimulate this process, encouraging growth and adaptation.
"Engaging in activities like puzzles, games, and mindfulness exercises can stimulate brain growth and strengthen neural pathways. Embracing neuroplasticity empowers us to take charge of our mental fitness, making lifelong learning and personal development more achievable than ever."
– Abbey NeuroPsychology Clinic
Research supports the idea that brain training can lead to specific cognitive improvements. For example, studies have found that these games can enhance executive functions and processing speed, especially in older adults. Participants in one study showed progress in areas like speed accuracy, visuo-motor coordination, attention, memory, working memory, and overall cognitive function.
The Synapse Project also highlighted how engaging in new and challenging activities can improve memory, processing speed, and reasoning. On top of that, modern brain imaging techniques like MRI scans have revealed physical changes in the brain after gaming interventions. These studies show that at least 16 hours of gameplay can lead to noticeable changes in grey matter, white matter, and functional brain connectivity.
NYU Steinhardt Professor Jan L. Plass and his team have developed digital games aimed at improving cognitive skills for both kids and adults. Their research shows these games can boost memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility. However, while these changes can be measured in the brain, the benefits often remain limited to the specific tasks practiced during training.
Limits of Task-Specific Training
Despite their potential, brain training games have key limitations. The most significant is their task-specific nature - meaning the gains achieved tend to stay confined to the practiced activities and don’t necessarily translate to broader cognitive improvements.
"Consider it a hobby, something you do to have fun, rather than something critically important for your brain."
– Dr. Andrew Budson, Chief of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology at the VA Boston Healthcare System
For example, success in a specific memory game might come from adopting strategies that work for that task. But these strategies don’t necessarily lead to a general improvement in memory. This limitation, known as the challenge of "far transfer", refers to the difficulty of extending training benefits to other, unrelated cognitive tasks or real-world situations. While brain training can produce statistically measurable improvements, these gains are often small, narrowly focused, and temporary.
Experts recommend managing expectations when it comes to brain training. Instead of relying solely on these games, consider activities that provide more comprehensive benefits for everyday life.
This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional before starting any new fitness or wellness routine.
Criticisms and Controversies in the Brain Training Industry
The brain training industry has faced its share of scrutiny, not just regarding the cognitive benefits it claims to offer but also for its marketing practices and research methods. Two major concerns have surfaced: misleading advertising and methodological flaws that may exaggerate the effectiveness of these programs. Let’s dive into the regulatory actions and research issues that have fueled skepticism about brain training.
Regulatory Actions and Misleading Claims
One of the most well-known regulatory cases came in January 2016, when the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) targeted Lumos Labs, the company behind Lumosity. The FTC charged the company $2 million to settle allegations of deceptive advertising, with an additional $50 million judgment suspended due to financial constraints.
The FTC’s investigation revealed that Lumosity had made bold claims, suggesting their games could enhance everyday performance, slow age-related cognitive decline, and even protect against conditions like dementia and Alzheimer’s disease - claims that lacked scientific backing. These practices have had a lasting impact on consumer trust in the brain training market.
"Lumosity capitalized on consumers' concerns about age-related cognitive decline, suggesting their games could stave off memory loss, dementia, and even Alzheimer's disease. But Lumosity simply did not have the science to back up its ads."
– Jessica Rich, Director of the FTC's Bureau of Consumer Protection
As part of the settlement, Lumosity was required to notify its subscribers about the FTC's findings and provide an easy way to cancel auto-renewal subscriptions. This case highlighted broader concerns in the industry, with the FTC ramping up its oversight of health-related mobile apps aimed at aging consumers.
"We are seeing a trend in health-related mobile apps, such as those targeting ageing consumers with dietary supplements, cognitive training or services claiming to diagnose illnesses. Some are more fraudulent than others but we are watching very carefully and making a bigger effort to crack down on those who make claims but do not have the science to back them up."
– Michelle Rusk, attorney with the FTC's Bureau of Consumer Protection
While regulatory actions address misleading advertising, deeper issues within research methodologies also challenge the credibility of brain training programs.
Self-Reporting Bias and Placebo Effects
Research has revealed that placebo effects and self-reporting biases might be inflating the perceived benefits of brain training games. A 2016 study led by Cyrus Foroughi at George Mason University found that participants recruited with flyers promising "Brain Training & Cognitive Enhancement" showed a 5- to 10-point increase in IQ scores after training. In contrast, those recruited with neutral language showed no improvement. This suggests that participants’ expectations may significantly influence outcomes.
Further analysis revealed that 17 out of 19 studies on brain training used recruitment methods that explicitly mentioned "cognitive" or "brain" training. These studies reported effect sizes nearly 2.5 times larger than those using neutral recruitment strategies.
"This study seems to strongly support our concerns that brain-training effects might be nothing more than placebo effects."
– Walter Boot, cognitive psychologist at Florida State University
The placebo effect appears to play a significant role in brain training research. When participants believe that their intelligence can improve and that the games will help them, they often report feeling smarter - even if objective tests show no actual cognitive gains. Such findings have led experts to question whether many studies on brain training effectiveness are measuring real improvements or simply reflecting heightened expectations.
This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional before starting any new fitness or wellness routine.
Alternatives for Cognitive and Mental Fitness
While brain-training games have faced skepticism over their effectiveness, there are well-supported alternatives backed by research that can help maintain and improve cognitive health. These strategies go beyond the narrow focus of computerized programs, offering broader and more reliable benefits for the brain.
Physical Exercise for Brain Health
Physical activity is one of the most effective ways to boost brainpower. Unlike brain-training games, which often have limited benefits, aerobic exercise has been shown to improve multiple areas of cognitive function.
"Exercise changes the brain in ways that can improve cognitive function in the short run and prevent cognitive decline down the road."
The statistics are hard to ignore. For instance, engaging in aerobic exercise three times a week has been linked to a 2% increase in hippocampal size, which helps offset age-related brain changes. Among older adults, those aged 65 and over who exercised four times a week had about half the risk of dementia compared to their sedentary peers.
Even moderate activity makes a difference. Middle-aged adults who walked briskly for 45 minutes five days a week experienced noticeable improvements in attention and working memory. Aerobic training has also been shown to enhance cognitive performance by half a standard deviation when compared to control groups.
Physical activity stimulates the brain in dynamic ways, building resilience and promoting long-term health. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise weekly, along with muscle-strengthening exercises involving all major muscle groups at least twice a week.
"We know that physical exercise, and aerobic exercise in particular, is very beneficial for maintaining brain health, even in people who are at risk for developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease." - Aaron Bonner-Jackson, PhD, Neuropsychologist
Interestingly, exercising outdoors can amplify these benefits compared to indoor workouts.
Combined Approaches to Cognitive Wellness
The most effective strategies for cognitive health often involve combining various activities rather than relying on a single method. This multi-faceted approach engages multiple cognitive systems simultaneously, addressing the limitations of task-specific brain training.
"The way that I approach things, when I work with patients, is to look at the collective influence of all the different things that together can make a positive impact on keeping the brain healthy." - Dr. Justin Miller, Professor of Neurology at the University of Washington School of Medicine
Social interaction, for example, plays a significant role. People who were highly socially active experienced 70% less cognitive decline compared to their less-social counterparts. Activities like dancing, playing music, and socializing combine physical, mental, and emotional engagement, offering substantial brain benefits. Tai chi has also been shown to improve executive function in older adults.
Diet is another key factor. A Mediterranean-style diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, healthy fats, and lean proteins, supports brain health, especially when paired with regular exercise. Studies show that combining exercise with the DASH diet leads to even greater improvements in memory and thinking.
The secret lies in variety and challenge. Activities that push you to think and adapt are the most beneficial. Dr. Jessica Caldwell, Director of the Women's Alzheimer's Movement Prevention and Research Center at Cleveland Clinic, emphasizes:
"If you don't have to think too hard, and you are just engaging at a light level, that's not the level we really need to protect our brains, which is a challenge level."
Using Brain Training Games as a Supplement
Although proven methods like exercise and social engagement outperform brain-training games, these games can still play a small role in a broader wellness plan. Emerging trends like "exer-gaming", which combines physical activity with brain games, are showing promise for boosting engagement.
Some doctors now include brain-training apps as part of comprehensive care plans for their patients. However, the focus should remain on strategies with stronger evidence. As Neil Charness, Professor of Psychology at Florida State University, notes:
"If your real goal is to improve cognitive function and brain games are not helping, then maybe you are better off getting aerobic exercise rather than sitting in front of the computer playing these games."
The evidence is clear: adults who are physically active have nearly half the rate of cognitive decline compared to those who are inactive. Regular physical activity has been linked to a 31% lower risk of dementia. Considering that consumers spent $715 million on brain-training programs in 2013, with projections reaching $3.38 billion by 2020, that money might be better spent on gym memberships, outdoor activities, or social programs.
For those who enjoy brain games, it's essential to choose activities that keep you engaged over time. However, the best approach to maintaining cognitive health is to incorporate a variety of activities that continually challenge your brain.
This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional before starting any new fitness or wellness routine.
Conclusion: Do Brain Training Games Work?
The question of whether brain training games truly work doesn’t have a straightforward answer. These games can help improve performance on specific tasks included in their programs, but research suggests these gains rarely translate to broader cognitive abilities used in everyday life. As discussed earlier, while these games tap into the brain's neuroplasticity, their effects tend to be limited in scope. In fact, rigorous studies often show that the cognitive improvements seen in brain training users are similar to those experienced by non-users.
That said, brain training games aren’t entirely without value. Some studies indicate they can sharpen particular mental skills, like processing speed and reaction time - abilities that naturally decline with age. For example, a 2016 study found that training aimed at improving processing speed reduced the risk of dementia over the following decade. However, these benefits are often modest and not long-lasting.
The takeaway? Brain training games shouldn’t be your go-to solution for maintaining cognitive health. Dr. Andrew Budson, chief of cognitive and behavioral neurology at the VA Boston Healthcare System, puts it succinctly:
"Consider it a hobby, something you do to have fun, rather than something critically important for your brain."
Instead of relying heavily on these programs, focus on strategies with stronger evidence behind them. Regular aerobic exercise and staying socially active have been consistently linked to better cognitive health. In fact, people who maintain active social lives tend to experience significantly less cognitive decline.
If you enjoy brain training games, there’s no harm in using them occasionally, but they should complement other activities rather than replace them. The best approach involves a mix of regular physical exercise, meaningful social interactions, a nutritious diet, and sufficient sleep - with brain games serving as a fun, supplemental activity.
In summary, brain training games can play a small role in your overall cognitive wellness plan, but they’re no substitute for proven lifestyle habits. Prioritizing evidence-backed practices like exercise and social engagement will likely yield more substantial and lasting benefits for your brain health.
This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional before starting any new fitness or wellness routine.
FAQs
Can brain training games lower the risk of dementia or Alzheimer's?
Research indicates that while brain training games can improve certain cognitive skills, there's little solid evidence to suggest they significantly lower the risk of dementia or Alzheimer's disease. Some studies hint that specific exercises, like those aimed at improving processing speed, might offer a small benefit, but the overall impact is quite limited.
For promoting better brain health and lowering the chances of dementia, experts suggest focusing on a well-rounded lifestyle. This includes staying physically active, eating a nutritious diet, getting enough quality sleep, maintaining social connections, and engaging in mentally stimulating activities like reading or picking up new skills. These habits are far more effective in supporting long-term cognitive health.
What are some effective ways to boost cognitive health besides brain training games?
Improving your cognitive health isn't just about playing brain-training games. Incorporating regular physical activity - like walking, jogging, or even dancing - can boost blood flow to your brain, which helps support memory and keeps your mind sharp. Experts recommend aiming for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise each week to see these benefits.
In addition to staying active, give your brain a workout with activities that challenge your thinking. Try solving puzzles like crosswords, Sudoku, or jigsaw puzzles. You could also pick up a new skill or learn to play a musical instrument. These kinds of tasks engage your problem-solving skills and help keep your mind agile. Making these habits a part of your daily life can pay off with lasting cognitive improvements.
Are brain training games as effective as physical exercise for long-term brain health?
The Impact of Physical Exercise vs. Brain Training Games on Cognitive Health
Both brain training games and physical exercise offer benefits for the brain, but they work in very different ways. Research consistently shows that physical exercise delivers more lasting benefits for cognitive health. Staying active regularly can help improve memory, sharpen problem-solving abilities, and even reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia as you age.
Brain training games, on the other hand, can provide short-term boosts in specific areas like memory and attention. Despite these benefits, their long-term influence on overall brain health remains a topic of debate. For maintaining cognitive strength over the long haul, making physical exercise a regular part of your life is widely regarded as the better option.
